Into Thin Air Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Into Thin Air - Essay Example From this standpoint, Mount Everest as conquered by him belongs to him exclusively, and each step of the conquest is his special property. I give full marks to him for his creditability as a reporter, writer and a journalist. He is all these three molded into one. For producing such a book he has done lots of research, which is the hallmark of a good reporter and journalist, and he writes well and evokes intense curiosity with the reader about his adventurous journey. Those who know about Mount Everest expeditions also know that descent is more difficult than the ascent. On May 10, 1996 Krakauer was on the top of the world having reached the summit at 29,028 ft. He was the conqueror. He could not celebrate his pride and satisfaction for long; he was not at the cricket ground at Lords or in the Disneyland. He was on the edgy summit, where each moment’s delay in the ascent invited perils. The well-studied Krakauer was fully aware of the situation. Reaching the top is a great emo tional experience. For Krakauer, it was the realization of a childhood dream. Each step or each breath at such a height is life or death situation, which has zero tolerance for mistakes. If you are the leader and the decision-making authority of the expedition, you owe responsibility to the lives of the members involved in the adventure, apart from your own precious life. As Krakauer began the descent, a severe storm was forming and he had not slept for the last fifty-two hours. He felt so weak; he rested after each step to recoup the energy. He had missed the turnaround time for the descent, as the ambition to conquer the summit was too strong with him and with other members of the expedition. This is a good adventure book and a true story. The details of the expeditions, the trials and tribulations have been given in detail and are helpful for a research student, as well for an aspiring mountaineer. The detailed background information is immensely useful, as it introduces the char acters of the expedition, like the importance of the experienced guides to the inexperienced but ambitious climbers. Mountaineering expeditions have strange combinations. Certainly Krakauer’s expedition was one of them. Summit of Mount Everest is a terrible attraction. So far so good, if all goes well. But when tragedies strike expeditions and valuable lives are lost, the decision makers are questioned. Serious doubts arise in the minds of the family members why the dying man was not saved. The leader of the team is grilled and asked inconvenient questions. In all fairness, no leader would want any member of his team be buried in the snow. As stated above, when more than one individual write their experiences and books are published, there are bound to be differences of opinions and controversies. Anatoli Boukreev’s version of the expedition, especially relating to saving members of the expedition, varies with that of Krakauer. Krakauaer may be less daring and might no t have exhibited the same courage in taking the risk to save the life of fellow-mountaineers. But no one can pass summary judgment that Krakauer did not live up to the situation. Remember, each step at that perilous weather at such a height, is a step between life and death. He has his own limitations as a mountaineer and has to take into account his own

Significant Developments And Chngs Of The Surgery Essay

Significant Developments And Chngs Of The Surgery - Essay Example ThÐ µ surgicÐ °l mÐ µthods thÐ µmsÐ µlvÐ µs hÐ °vÐ µ bÐ µÃ µn provÐ µn to bÐ µ vÐ µry innovÐ °tivÐ µ Ð °nd providÐ µ thÐ µ bÐ µst solutions for pÐ °tiÐ µnts’ trÐ µÃ °tmÐ µnt, mÐ µÃ °nwhilÐ µ optimizing sÐ °fÐ µty Ð °nd control. I Ð °m going to providÐ µ somÐ µ fÐ °cts on how fÐ °r mÐ µdicinÐ µ in surgÐ µry Ð °dvÐ °ncÐ µd whÐ °t furthÐ µr possibilitiÐ µs futurÐ µ holds for nÐ µxt gÐ µnÐ µrÐ °tion. JosÐ µph ListÐ µr wÐ °s born Ð °t Upton, ЕnglÐ °nd, in 1827, whÐ µrÐ µ hÐ µ hÐ °d rÐ µcÐ µivÐ µd his gÐ µnÐ µrÐ °l Ð µducÐ °tion Ð °t thÐ µ UnivÐ µrsity of London. Ð ftÐ µr studying in London Ð °nd Еdinburgh hÐ µ bÐ µcÐ °mÐ µ Ð ° fÐ °mous lÐ µcturÐ µr in surgÐ µry Ð °t thÐ µ UnivÐ µrsity. Ð  fÐ µw yÐ µÃ °rs lÐ °tÐ µr hÐ µ wÐ °s profÐ µssor of surgÐ µry Ð °t GlÐ °sgow, Ð °t Еdinburgh, Ð °nd Ð °t King’s CollÐ µgÐ µ HospitÐ °l, London, Ð °nd surgÐ µon to QuÐ µÃ µn VictoriÐ °. During thosÐ µ timÐ µs mÐ °ny importÐ °nt chÐ °ngÐ µs wÐ µrÐ µ tÐ °king plÐ °cÐ µ Ð °nd to somÐ µ Ð µxtÐ µnt ListÐ µr wÐ °s lucky to hÐ °vÐ µ mÐ µdicÐ °l diplomÐ °. ЕvÐ µn though, studÐ µnts wÐ µrÐ µ forbiddÐ µn to dissÐ µct humÐ °n bodiÐ µs, thÐ µ mÐ µthods by which thÐ µy lÐ µÃ °rnÐ µd wÐ µrÐ µ modÐ µrnizÐ µd Ð °nd up-to-dÐ °tÐ µ. Of coursÐ µ pÐ µrcÐ µption of surgÐ µons wÐ °s chÐ °nging ovÐ µr timÐ µ, Ð °nd Ð °s lÐ °tÐ µ Ð °s thÐ µ Ð µÃ °rly to mid-1800s surgÐ µons wÐ µrÐ µ not considÐ µrÐ µd worthy of thÐ µ rÐ µspÐ µct of physiciÐ °ns, Ð °nd wÐ µrÐ µ not pÐ µrmittÐ µd by lÐ °w to prÐ °cticÐ µ mÐ µdicinÐ µ, only Ð °ftÐ µr Ð ° fÐ µw tÐ µchnologicÐ °l chÐ °ngÐ µs, such Ð °s Ð °nÐ µsthÐ µtic Ð °llowÐ µd surgÐ µons to focus morÐ µ on dÐ µtÐ °ils, not just spÐ µÃ µd Ð °s it wÐ °s bÐ µforÐ µ. ThÐ µ mortÐ °lity rÐ °tÐ µ Ð °t thÐ °t timÐ µ wÐ °s Ð °round 50% Ð °nd this mÐ µ Ð °nt for ListÐ µr thÐ °t thÐ µrÐ µ is somÐ µ room for substÐ °ntiÐ °l improvÐ µmÐ µnt in chÐ °nging thÐ µ Ð °ccÐ µptÐ µd form surgÐ µry. His mÐ °in contribution to thÐ µ prÐ µsÐ µnt dÐ °y surgÐ µry is thÐ µ principlÐ µ of Ð °ntisÐ µpsis, a Ð °n outgrowth of PÐ °stÐ µur’s thÐ µory thÐ °t bÐ °ctÐ µriÐ ° cÐ °usÐ µ infÐ µction. In 1865 ListÐ µr found modÐ µrn Ð °ntisÐ µptic surgÐ µry by proving thÐ µ Ð µffÐ µctivÐ µnÐ µss of his mÐ µthods hÐ µ usÐ µd cÐ °rbolic Ð °cid Ð °s thÐ µ Ð °ntisÐ µptic Ð °gÐ µnt, hÐ µ invÐ µntÐ µd tÐ µchniquÐ µs of Ð °pplying it thÐ °t, whÐ µn usÐ µd in conjunction with his hÐ µÃ °t stÐ µrilizÐ °tion of instrumÐ µnts, brought Ð °bout drÐ °mÐ °tic dÐ µcrÐ µÃ °sÐ µs in postopÐ µrÐ °tivÐ µ fÐ °tÐ °lity.

Methods of Market-entry Strategy

Methods of Market-entry Strategy Chapter 8 Methods of entry A well planned market-entry strategy entails an operator greater management over its market initiation and launch expectations, thus providing assurance to meeting financial targets. Businesses nowadays attempt to accomphlish increment in sales, brand awareness and business sustainability by breaking into new markets. Formulation of a market entry strategy requires an in depth analysis of potential competitors and likely customers. There are numerous options to enter a market. The list comprises of direct and indirect exporting, joint ventures, Merger acquisitions or licensing of technology abroad. The risks benefits associated with each method are attributed to several elements. This includes the nature of the product or service you produce, the requirements for product or service support, and the foreign economic, political, business and cultural environment that the firm is seeking to enter. The ideal strategy is highly reliant on the firms level of resources and commitment, and the level of risk that the firm is willing to take. Many businesses select exporting as their entry strategy. Start-up costs and risks are kept to its minimal, and it is less complicated in comparison to the other methods. Exporting can be performed directly or indirectly. Via the direct method, the business extends its business plan to include exporting as a new activity and gathers knowledge and workers to execute the plan, i.e., locating foreign buyers, labelling product, making transportation arrangements, and invoicing. If the avenue of direct exporting is unavailable, firms can can consider indirect exporting via a foreign distributor. Barriers to trade, Depth of localized knowledge, price localization, competitors, and export subsidies are some of the relevant factors MNCs consider when deciding which entry strategy to pursue. Joint ventures A joint venture is a strategic alliance where 2 or more parties, usually businesses, form a alliance to share markets, assets, intellectual property, knowledge, and profits. The distinct difference between a joint venture and a merger is there is no transfer of ownership in the partnership. This partnership can happen between titans in an industry. Samsung siltronic (Singapore), for example, is a strategic alliance between Samsung and Siltronic. It can also materialise between two smaller businesses that believe coming together as one will allow for synegistic effect to ward off bigger competitors. Companies with similar products and services in their portfolio can also come together to enter markets they wouldnt or couldnt consider without investing large amount of capital. In addition, due to local regulations, some markets can only be entered through a joint venture with a local business. Example would be Delphi Automotive Systems Hasu Industries Sdn Bhd went into a joint venture to form Delphi Packard Electric Malaysia Sdn Bhd. In certain scenarios, a huge company can decide to form a joint venture with a smaller business. Its main objectives are to promptly acquire important intellectual property, technology, or resources otherwise difficult to acquire despiting having abundance of capital at their disposal. A few studies have been conducted. Their main findings revealed that most joint ventures have a failure rate corresponding to about 60% within a time span of 5 years. Experts concurr that the key attribute for success here is the human factor, such as the integration of human resources and the sharing of knowledge, rather than geographical or financial factors. Merger acquisition This approach is particularly enticing to companies in turbulent times. The reason why larger companies will attempt to takeover other companies is to initiate a more agressive, cost-efficient company. The companies coming together aims to attain a larger share of the market or to accomphlish greater efficiencies. Due to the potential benefits that is associated with the acquisition, target companies tend to agree to be purchased when they know the likelihood of their survival is low. When one company assumes control over another and distinctively established itself asthe new owner, the purchase is an acquisition. From a legal point of view, the targeted firm ceases to exist, the buyer devours the business and the buyersstock continues to be traded. A merger occurs when 2 firms, commonly of the same magnitude, agree to surge ahead as a singlenew entity rather than remain separately owned and operated. Both companies stocks cease to exist and new company stock is issued in its place. For instance, when Daimler-Benz and Chrysler merged, a new company, DaimlerChrysler, was born. Greenfield ventures Greenfield ventures is a form of foreign direct investment where a parent company sets up new operations in a foreign country by the construction of new plants and factories from scratch. In addition to constucting new facilities, new long-term jobs are created in the foreign country by the employment of new workers. Green field investments materialise when multinational corporations gain access into developing countries to construct new factories or stores. Developing countries tend to provide prospective companies tax rebates, subsidies and other types of incentives to entice MNCs to invest in their country. Governments rationale is that losing corporate tax revenue is a worthwhile tradeoff if jobs are created and knowledge, management know hows and technology is obtained to amplify the countrys human capita.

Frederick Douglas :: Essays Papers

Frederick Douglas Frederick Douglass, a slave in America until the age of 20, wrote three of the most highly regarded autobiographies of the 19th century, yet he only began learning to read and write when he turned 12 years old. After an early life of hardship and pain, Douglass escaped to the North to write three autobiographies, spaced decades apart, about his life as a slave and a freeman. The institution of slavery scarred him so deeply that he decided to dedicate his powers of speech and prose to fighting it. Douglass wrote three biographies about his life as a politician, slave, and abolitionist. However, the historical value of these works does not remain as important as the quality of the works themselves. Frederick Douglass’ writing deserves recognition in the canon of great American authors, because his work meets the chosen criteria for inclusion in a collection of important literature. Douglass influenced many famous abolitionists with his literary works, and this impact, coupled with his desire to write an expose about oppression in America, makes him a winning candidate. Although his published works, mostly autobiographies, received much acclaim from abolitionists, this paper explores the quality of Douglass’s work from a literary standpoint. This paper also details the events shaping Douglass’s impressive life and writing career. By examining the prestigious â€Å"life and times† of this black author, the reader will recognize the widespread influence of Douglass’s writing on other antislavery writers, politics, and hence, the public. In a look at his first and greatest work, Narrative of the Life, the following paper will demonstrate why Frederick Douglass deserves a place in the hall of great American writers. To fully appreciate the impact of Douglass’s autobiographies, we must examine violent period in which he lived. Douglass, born in 1818, grew up as a slave on Colonel Lloyd’s plantation in eastern Maryland. At the time, abolitionist movements started gaining speed as popular parties in the North. In the North, pro-slavery white mobs attacked black communities in retaliation for their efforts. By the time Douglass escaped from slavery, in 1838, tensions ran high among abolitionists and slaveowners. Slaves published accounts of their harrowing escapes, and their lives in slavery, mainly with the help of ghostwriters. Although abolitionists called for the total elimination of slavery in the South, racial segregation still occurred all over the United States. Blacks, freemen especially, found the task of finding a decent job overwhelming.

Unreliable Memory in Memento

Unreliable Memory in Memento Thesis: The unique narrative structure of the film and the leading role, Leonard Shelby in Memento prove that memory is unreliable. . In William Golding's Lord of the Flies, Samneric saw something moving, something large, which in reality was the dead body of a parachutist. But in the darkness and out of fear, in Samneric’s memory, the parachutist became a beast with leathery wings, teeth, and claws. He even claimed that he ‘saw it slinking behind the trees'. In this case, Samneric's memory were mastered by his personal feelings — fear.Thus memory is unreliable, as it can be manipulated by personal feelings. Similarly, the leading role of Memento, Leonard Shelby’s memory is also manipulated by his personal feelings. Leonard distorts his memory due to his desire to find and kill ‘the one and only' murderer of his wife. In the following, I am going to prove memory is unreliable through the unique narrative structure and Leon ard Shelby, the leading role of the film. Memento, the story features a man called Leonard Shelby, who has anterograde amnesia, a disorder that caused his brain to be unable to store new memories.From Leonard’s memory, the disorder was a result from a concession caused by the rapist murderer of his wife. From then on, Leonard's life is all about finding ‘the one and only' murderer of his wife and get him killed in order to take revenge. Firstly, it is the unique narrative structure. The film's events unfold in two separate, alternating narratives — one in color, and the other in black-and-white. The black-and-white sections are told in chronological order, beginning by showing Leonard conversing with an anonymous caller in a motel room.Leonard's actual investigation is shown in color sequences that are in reverse order. By the end of the film, when the two narratives converge, revealing the investigation and events that lead up to Leonard’s friend, Teddy's death. The narrative structure is literally a memory test that the director of Memento, Christopher Nolan gives to the viewer. As each color sequence begins, the audience is unaware of the preceding events, just like Leonard, giving the viewer a sense of his confusion.With the structure arranged in this alternating and reverse way, the confused viewer would be lost, in a way that they have no clue where the story is heading. At the end of the film, which chronologically is the first sequence, would only leave the viewer more question marks. Therefore, the narrative structure of the film, which is also the memory test, proves human memory is unreliable. For relying only on memory, the viewer cannot group all the puzzles — the reverse chronological scenes — together and have a full understanding of the events.Confusion is brought on by unreliable memories. As time goes, memory fades, based on this principle that everyone knows and even experiences, Nolan first gives thi s ‘memory test’ to let the viewer a firsthand experience that ‘memory is unreliable’. Zigzagging through the two separate and yet related narratives, Nolan brings out memory is unreliable not only due to physical reasons, but also mental ones. The black-and-white sequence is indeed the narration of Leonard, a former insurance investigator, telling the story of one of his claimants, Sammy Jankis before his injury.Jankis, just like Leonard, appeared to have anterograde amnesia after a car accident. Leonard explains how Jankis's diabetic wife tested Jankis to see if he really had a memory disorder or just faking to claim disability insurance, by repeatedly requesting insulin injections from him. She is desperately hoping that Sammy did not have a memory disorder and would remember the previous injection. As a result, she died from an insulin overdose from Jankis. While the viewer is puzzling why Leonard remembers Jankis so vividly, Nolan reveals a parallel sto ry of Leonard.Because of Leonard's condition and his denial of possibly killing his wife by overdosing her with insulin, he might have made up a different scenario in his mind. He constructed a rape-murder scenario for his wife’s death. He alienated his killing his wife by inventing Sammy Jankis, memorizing it as a separate event. He altered his memory to lessen his guilt. At the end of the film, Leonard confronts his memory and says,†Do I lie to myself to be happy? †¦ yes, I will. † This narration conveys that emory can be full of flaws, it can be distorted by personal feelings, it can be changed by one's desire, that memory can be no more than a tool of self-deception. Secondly, through the leading role of Memento, Leonard Shelby’s verbal expression, condition, tattoos and flashbacks, Nolan proves to the viewer that memory is unreliable. Leonard's lines point directly at ‘memory is unreliable'. In the film Leonard said, â€Å"Memory’s n ot that perfect. It's not even that good. †, â€Å"Memory can change the shape of a room; it can change the color of a car. And memories can be distorted.They're just an interpretation, they're not a record, and they're irrelevant when you have the facts. † Leonard stresses that ‘memory is not good'. Through Leonard's lines, the film emphasizes that, ‘memory is unreliable because they're just an interpretation'. Then moving on to Leonard's condition, anterograde amnesia is the significant feature of Leonard and it is also the heart of the film. Since Leonard has this disorder that he cannot form new memories, everything fades, memory is definitely unreliable for him. For the viewer, being put into Leonard's shoes, unknown to the preceding events, memory is unreliable as well.Again, Leonard's memory problem has directly pointed at ‘memory is unreliable'. Leonard's tattoos is also a significant feature of Leonard. In order to find his wife’s murde rer, Leonard relies on notes and annotated Polaroid pictures. But for vital information which he believes would lead him to the â€Å"murderer†, he tattoos that piece of information on his body instead of writing on a piece of paper because of his inability to form new memories. In one scene, Leonard gets a tattoo of the murderer's license plate number, relying on his memory, he has mistaken an I for a 1.Now this clue has really changed because of his unreliable memory. It tells us not to trust Leonard's believe-to-be-true facts, memory can indeed manipulate everything. As Leonard puts it, â€Å"Memory can change the shape of a room; it can change the color of a car†¦ They're just an interpretation, they're not a record. † Also, according to Leonard's tattoo, the name of the â€Å"murderer† is John G. At the beginning of the film, which chronologically is the last sequence, Leonard does succeed and kill one John Edward Gammell, whose nickname is Teddy.Leona rd says he would remember he had killed that ‘one and only' murderer even with his condition, because that excitement of revenge would remain. However, at the end of the film (which should be the beginning of the story), reveals that Teddy is just one of the few John G. s that Leonard has killed. It turns out after Leonard has killed a John G, he copies Teddy's license plate number and gets it tattooed on his body annotating that is the license plate number of the murderer, making Teddy(John Edward Gammell) his John G, for the sake of his ‘meaning of survival'.Memory can manipulate, and at the same time, be manipulated. Leonard, in order to fulfill his goal and his desire of taking revenge, he lets his memory be manipulated by his personal feelings, and keeps on killing more and more John G. s. Furthermore, there are a few of Leonard's flashbacks throughout the film, one is preparing an insulin injection, one is his staying in a sanatorium (instead of Sammy Jankis does a fter he accidently killed his wife).The more significant flashback is of Leonard's wife waking up, opening her eyes, but if it is played backwards, it is very much like his wife is going into a coma. Leonard also recalls the scene that his wife crying out, â€Å"Ouch! † when he executes the insulin shot. However, the fact is Leonard manufactured Sammy Jankis in order to deny being the murderer of his wife. So, when he recalls that injecting scene from memory, ‘administrating insulin' has become ‘pinching his wife's thigh. There are actually quite a lot of Leonard's flashbacks giving proof that Leonard himself is the murderer of his wife, but it is clearly that Leonard wants to lessen his sense of guilt, so he distorts his memory, it shows that memory can in fact be changed to satisfy oneself, memory can be reconstructed. To conclude, â€Å"He took away my†¦memory. He destroyed my ability to live. † Just like Leonard, humans in general acknowledge †˜memory’ is one of the abilities that help us to live, however it is not a must that this ability is reliable, in fact memory practically cannot be trusted.From Memento’s unique narrative structure, a genuine memory test definitely created a certain degree of confusion to the viewer. It is impossible for humans to have everything well organized merely by memory. The ‘facts’ in one’s memory can be rebuilt, as Leonard says,†Do I lie to myself to be happy? †¦ yes, I will. † Memory can easily be manipulated by one’s personal feelings. In Leonard’s case, his memory is manipulated by his guilt; he uses his memory as a tool to cloud the fact that he killed his wife because of his lack-of-short-term memory disorder.Leonard's lines, physical problem, tattoos and his flashbacks all are important proofs of ‘Leonard is the murderer of his own wife', which Leonard does not want to admit. From the beginning, his true motive o f finding that rapist murderer is only for his own satisfaction, finding his ‘goal of life', and more importantly, for lessening his guilt. That is why — being unknown that he does it on purpose or unintentionally — Leonard distorts his memory and reconstructs it and in the film.Now the distorted memory became reality for Leonard, and the facts change according to his reconstruction. We can see that memory can also manipulate at the same time, â€Å"memories can be distorted. They're just an interpretation, they're not an record. † The unique narrative structure and Leonard Shelby, the leading role of Memento, have proved that memory is no more than an interpretation after all. For memory can be distorted and manipulated out of one’s own satisfaction and desire. Memory is not facts, it cannot always be trusted. Memory is unreliable both physically and mentally.

Paradigm in Nursing Essay

Nursing as any science is a tentative, testable and falsifiable discipline. It undergoes: empirical observation, hypothesis development, experiment, results/finding and finally conclusion. Basing on the finding, one can accept or reject the hypothesis. Theory has been seen as the model of the ethics of conducting a set up and while forth is in position to predict future occurrences or observations of the same kind and capable of being tested through experiment or otherwise verified through observation. Each theory has set principles on how to verify it known as paradigm. Discussion Paradigms are a set of postulations; practices shared by a particular body, say a community of researchers and stems from a single theme. The paradigm seeks to regulate inquiry into the discipline that is concerned. It can therefore be viewed as the norm which the scientists or researchers can use as platform which they can agree of disagree depending on their findings. The various paradigms have one thing in common. They are characterized by ontological, epistemological and methodological differences in their approaches to conducting research (Demarest, et al 1993). This in return contributes to paradigm shift. Paradigm is seen to supersede mere interpretation of the tabulated finding or basic understanding in general. Superstition of paradigm consequently gives varied contribution in the area of disciplinary knowledge construction. Depending on the researchers sentiments/he may consider these differences so vast that one paradigm is inequivalent to another. Alternatively, these differences may be ignored or combined so as to conduct the research needed. To accomplish the task of developing nursing knowledge for use in practice, there is a need for a critical, integrated understanding of the paradigms used for nursing inquiry. This is arising due to the fact that each paradigm has a shift (Demarest, et al 1993). For instance, Child development defects will be viewed from various aspects and hence differing paradigm. A biologist my evaluate child development in perspective that children will naturally gain knowledge as they physically grow and become older, provided that they are healthy. Others may view that the child gains knowledge depending on its surrounding or what it interact with; while others view that a child is due for school after it starts interacting with environment and people as well. A nurse scholar can thus decide to combine the three theories or ignore all to achieve what s/he is researching on. Conclusion In conclusion the nurse researcher should weigh the pros and cons of a particular paradigm in his/her approach to assess of existing knowledge and thereby fill the informational gaps. This is because dominance of a particular paradigm is influenced by a number of factors. These may include: the source of finance for the research, government influence, biases from the journal and editors of the print, conferences and symposiums held, coverage by the media, educators who are responsible of spreading the paradigm to their students as well as the professional bodies which may favor a particular paradigm. However, paradigm should be natural and operational in all times.

Night1 essays

Night1 essays Where is God now? (A man behind me asked)...He is hanging here on this gallows... This is where the Holocaust left young Elie. It left him with a feeling that there is no God, or if there is, he is not as wonderful as everyone has been proclaiming that he is. The story begins in the small town of Sighet near Transylvania were Elie lived with his parents and two little sisters. Elie studied the Talmud during the day and spent his evenings in Synagogue praying. His life revolved around his undying faith and love for God. He loved God and the Jewish faith so much that he often cried while he was praying. He and his family lived without fear and in happiness until some of the people of Sighet were deported. One of them, Moche the Beadle, returned with stories of Jews being slaughtered and babies being tortured and used as firing practice. The stories were dismissed as crazy and they told themselves that they were all safe. They believed they were in the peaceful hands of God. Unfortunately, in 1944 German troops moved into their town. They set up ghettos and controlled their lives with fear. The people of Sighet were forced to leave their homes. They were packed into cattle wagon trains and given buckets of water and bread to eat. They stayed in the train for many days and were not allowed to get out to go to the bathroom so they were condemned to live amidst filth. Some people started going crazy. One old woman screamed almost the entire time about flames and burning flesh. Little did everyone know that what she was yelling about was the fate of everyone in her company. When they finally arrived in Birkenau, they exited the train to the smell of burning flesh and the sight of smoke and flames. When they got into the camp Elie and his father were separated from his mother and two little sisters. They did not realize immediately that they would never see them again. After they were separated they were t...

Conjugating Chasser in French

Conjugating Chasser in French When you want to say to hunt or to chase in French, use the verb  chasser. This is pretty straightforward because it looks and sounds a lot like the English chase. You will find that conjugating  chasser  is relatively easy as well. Conjugating the French Verb  Chasser Chasser  is a  regular -ER verb  and that means we can use the most common verb conjugation pattern. If you learn how to transform this word to the appropriate tense, it makes similar words like  cesser  (to stop) and  brà »ler  (to burn)  a little easier to learn. Conjugating is as simple as recognizing the stem in this case,  chass   and adding the appropriate ending. For the  je  (I) present tense, its as simple as an -e  and for the future  je, it will be -erai. Unlike English, French requires you to match the subject pronoun with the tense. In English, hunting applies no matter if youre talking about I, you, or we, but in French, each subject requires a different ending. The chart will help you learn these forms: I hunt is je chasse and we will hunt is nous chasserons. Subject Present Future Imperfect je chasse chasserai chassais tu chasses chasseras chassais il chasse chassera chassait nous chassons chasserons chassions vous chassez chasserez chassiez ils chassent chasseront chassaient The Present Participle of  Chasser Using the stem of  chasser, add the ending -ant  and you have the  present participle  chassant. This is a verb  but can be used as an adjective, gerund, or noun as well. The Passà © Composà © and Past Participle A  common way to express the past tense in French is the  passà © composà ©. To use this, conjugate the  auxiliary verb  avoir  to match the subject, then add the  past participle  chassà ©. For example, I chased is jai chassà © and we hunted is nous avons chassà ©. More  Chasser  Conjugations to Know In less frequent instances, you may find a use for the following conjugations. The subjunctive and conditional are used when there is uncertainty to the verb and these are used quite often. In contrast, the passà © simple and imperfect subjunctive are rare and found primarily in literature. In the least, you should be able to recognize each of these. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Passà © Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je chasse chasserais chassai chassasse tu chasses chasserais chassas chassasses il chasse chasserait chassa chassà ¢t nous chassions chasserions chassà ¢mes chassassions vous chassiez chasseriez chassà ¢tes chassassiez ils chassent chasseraient chassà ¨rent chassassent To use  chasser  in an exclamation and quickly request or demand something be hunted, use the imperative. When doing so, its perfectly acceptable to skip the subject pronoun and say only the verb: chasse rather than  tu chasse. Imperative (tu) chasse (nous) chassons (vous) chassez

All About Common Chinese Punctuation Marks

All About Common Chinese Punctuation Marks Chinese punctuation marks are used to organize and clarify written Chinese. Chinese punctuation marks are similar in function to English punctuation marks but sometimes differ in the form or look. All Chinese characters are written to a uniform size, and this size also extends to punctuation marks, so Chinese punctuation marks usually take up more space than their English counterparts. Chinese characters can be written either vertically or horizontally, so the Chinese punctuation marks change position depending on the direction of the text. For example, parentheses and quotation marks are rotated 90 degrees when written vertically, and the full stop mark is placed below and to the right of the last character when written vertically. Common Chinese Punctuation Marks Here are the most commonly used Chinese punctuation marks: Full Stop The Chinese full stop is a small circle that takes the space of one Chinese character. The Mandarin name of the full stop is Ã¥  ¥Ã¨â„¢Å¸/Ã¥  ¥Ã¥  · (jà ¹ ho). It is used at the end of a simple or complex sentence, as in these examples: è «â€¹Ã¤ ½  Ã¥ ¹ «Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¨ ² ·Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¤ » ½Ã¥   ±Ã§ ´â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¨ ¯ ·Ã¤ ½  Ã¥ ¸ ®Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¤ ¹ °Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¤ » ½Ã¦Å  ¥Ã§ º ¸Ã£â‚¬â€šQÇ ng nÇ  bÄ ng wÇ’ mÇŽi yÄ « fà ¨n bozhÇ .Please help me buy a newspaper.é ¯ ¨Ã© ­Å¡Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã§  ¸Ã© ¡Å¾Ã¤ ¸ Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã© ­Å¡Ã© ¡Å¾Ã¨ â„¢Ã¨   Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã§  ¸Ã© ¡Å¾Ã¤ ¸ Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã© ³ ¥Ã© ¡Å¾Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ© ² ¸Ã© ± ¼Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¥â€¦ ½Ã§ ± »Ã¤ ¸ Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã© ± ¼Ã§ ± »Ã¨ â„¢Ã¨   Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¥â€¦ ½Ã§ ± »Ã¤ ¸ Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã© ¸Å¸Ã§ ± »Ã£â‚¬â€šJÄ «ngyà º shà ¬ shà ²u là ¨i, bà ºshà ¬ yà º là ¨i; biÄ nfà º shà ¬ shà ²u là ¨i, bà ºshà ¬ niÇŽo là ¨i.Whales are mammals, not fish; bats are mammals, not birds. Comma The Mandarin name of the Chinese comma is é€â€"號/é€â€"Ã¥  · (dà ²u ho). It is the same as the English comma, except it takes the space of one full character and is positioned in the middle of the line. It is used to separate clauses within a sentence, and to indicate pauses. Here are some examples: Ã¥ ¦â€šÃ¦Å¾Å"é ¢ ±Ã© ¢ ¨Ã¤ ¸ Ã¤ ¾â€ Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¥â‚¬â€˜Ã¥ ° ±Ã¥â€¡ ºÃ¥Å"‹æâ€"…è ¡Å'。å ¦â€šÃ¦Å¾Å"Ã¥  °Ã© £Å½Ã¤ ¸ Ã¦  ¥Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¤ » ¬Ã¥ ° ±Ã¥â€¡ ºÃ¥â€º ½Ã¦â€"…è ¡Å'。Rà ºguÇ’ tifÄ“ng bà ¹ li, wÇ’men jià ¹ chÃ… « guà ³ lÇšxà ­ng.If the typhoon does not come, we will take a trip abroad.ç  ¾Ã¥Å" ¨Ã§Å¡â€žÃ©â€º »Ã¨â€¦ ¦Ã§Å"Ÿæ˜ ¯Ã§â€ž ¡Ã¦â€°â‚¬Ã¤ ¸ Ã¨Æ' ½Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ§Å½ °Ã¥Å" ¨Ã§Å¡â€žÃ§â€ µÃ¨â€žâ€˜Ã§Å"Ÿæ˜ ¯Ã¦â€"  Ã¦â€°â‚¬Ã¤ ¸ Ã¨Æ' ½Ã£â‚¬â€šXinzi de dinnÇŽo, zhÄ“nshà ¬ wà º suÇ’ bà ¹ nà ©ng.Modern computers, they are truly essential. Enumeration Comma The enumeration comma is used to separate list items. It is a short dash going from top left to bottom right. The Mandarin name of the enumeration comma is é  â€œÃ¨â„¢Å¸/é ¡ ¿Ã¥  · (dà ¹n ho). The difference between the enumeration comma and the regular comma can be seen in the following example: Ã¥â€"Å"〠Ã¦â‚¬â€™Ã£â‚¬ Ã¥â€œâ‚¬Ã£â‚¬ Ã¦ ¨â€šÃ£â‚¬ Ã¦â€žâ€ºÃ£â‚¬ Ã¦Æ' ¡Ã£â‚¬ Ã¦ ¬ ²Ã¥  «Ã¥ Å¡Ã¤ ¸Æ'æÆ'…。åâ€"Å"〠Ã¦â‚¬â€™Ã£â‚¬ Ã¥â€œâ‚¬Ã£â‚¬ Ã¤ ¹ Ã£â‚¬ Ã§Ë† ±Ã£â‚¬ Ã¦  ¶Ã£â‚¬ Ã¦ ¬ ²Ã¥  «Ã¥ Å¡Ã¤ ¸Æ'æÆ'…。XÇ , nà ¹, Ä i, là ¨, i, à ¨, yà ¹, jiozuà ² qÄ « qà ­ng.Happiness, anger, sadness, joy, love, hate, and desire are known as the seven passions. Colon, Semicolon, Question Mark, and the Exclamation Mark These four Chinese punctuation marks are the same as their English counterparts and have the same usage as in English. Their names are as follows: Colon冒號/冒å  · (mo ho) - Semicolon - 分號/分å  · (fÄ“nho) - Question Mark - å• Ã¨â„¢Å¸/éâ€" ®Ã¥  · (wà ¨nho) - Exclamation Mark - é ©Å¡Ã¥Ëœâ€ Ã¨â„¢Å¸/æÆ'Šå  ¹Ã¥  · (jÄ «ng tn ho) - Quotation Marks Quotation marks are called Ã¥ ¼â€¢Ã¨â„¢Å¸/Ã¥ ¼â€¢Ã¥  · (yÇ n ho) in Mandarin Chinese. There are both single and double quote marks, with the double quotes used within the single quotes: ã€Å'...『...〠...〠 Western-style quotation marks are used in simplified Chinese, but traditional Chinese uses the symbols as shown above. They are used for quoted speech, emphasis and sometimes for proper nouns and titles. è€ Ã¥ ¸ «Ã¨ ª ªÃ£â‚¬Å'ä ½  Ã¥â‚¬â€˜Ã¨ ¦ Ã¨ ¨ËœÃ¤ ½  Ã¥Å"‹çˆ ¶Ã¨ ª ªÃ§Å¡â€žÃ£â‚¬Å½Ã© â€™Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¨ ¦ Ã§ «â€¹Ã¥ ¿â€"Ã¥ Å¡Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¤ ºâ€¹Ã¤ ¸ Ã¨ ¦ Ã¥ Å¡Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¥ ®ËœÃ£â‚¬ Ã©â‚¬â„¢Ã¥  ¥Ã¨ © ±Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ£â‚¬ Ã¨â‚¬ Ã¥ ¸Ë†Ã¨ ¯ ´Ã¢â‚¬Å"ä ½  Ã¤ » ¬Ã¨ ¦ Ã¨ ® °Ã¤ ½  å› ½Ã§Ë† ¶Ã¨ ¯ ´Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¢â‚¬ËœÃ© â€™Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¨ ¦ Ã§ «â€¹Ã¥ ¿â€"Ã¥ Å¡Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¤ ºâ€¹Ã¤ ¸ Ã¨ ¦ Ã¥ Å¡Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¥ ®ËœÃ¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¨ ¿â„¢Ã¥  ¥Ã¨ ¯ Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¢â‚¬ LÇŽoshÄ « shuÃ… : â€Å"NÇ men yo jà ¬zhu Guà ³fà ¹ shuÃ…  de ‘qÄ «ngnin yo là ¬ zhà ¬ zuà ² dshà ¬, bà ¹yo zuà ² d guÄ n’ zhà ¨ jà ¹ hu.†The teacher said: â€Å"You must remember the words of Sun Yat-sen - ‘Youth should be committed to do big things, not to make big government.’

Training for new sales representatives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Training for new sales representatives - Essay Example es should be learn how to target potential customers, contacting the potential customers through phone calls or impromptu visits at their homes or work places. Securing appointments is the main aim of prospecting sales. The second training objective should be communication skills. The sales people should have the knowledge on how to communicate well with customers, how to build a rapport, how to listen to customers, and how to connect with customers (U.S. Department of labor, 2014). Moreover, this involves establishing credibility, building trust, and understanding the customer’s needs. In addition, the sales people should be aware of the fact that how they present themselves will heavily influence the sale. The training program should also focus on closing the deal. Apparently, making sales is the ultimate objective of training new sales representative. The training should also cover how to overcome rejections from customers, maintaining confidence in selling the products and services even when turned down, doing follow ups on proposed appointments, negotiating strategies with the customers and determining alternative solutions that will lead to a sale. Upon completion of the training, the sales people should be ready to find customers, know how to communicate properly with customers, how to persuade a sale indirectly and be able to close the deal. The sales people should be aware of the fact that not everyone approached will be friendly and so confidence will be highly needed. The sales people should also know the performance expectations and targets in order to deliver quality performance (U.S. Department of labor, 2014). Quality performance is only achievable if a person has the determination and drive to work towards the targets set. The target-training group should possess certain skills, needs, and interest like excellent sales, negotiation skills, excellent communication skills, high levels of confidence, be a team player, possess good organizational,

Japanese Major Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Japanese Major - Personal Statement Example It is my steady belief that interest is the best teacher an individual can have. This is because everything in the world is exhibited on limitless levels and thousands of facets, and the floating out of an individual’s potential occurs from a minute point in the person. I love language not simply because it is essential for communication, but more because it carries significant beauty in it. The study of language seems meticulous and monotonous to many people, while to me it is a bottomless ocean of fun. I am a Taiwanese who studied in China international school, as an international student. I developed interest in languages at a young age. As a child, I spoke Mandarin, the only language that my parents understood. I later felt an inner drive to study other languages and attempt communication in them. My interest was further boosted later in life when a group of university students presented a play in our school. It was a lively play, which they acted in five different languag es. The students were young, intelligent, and highly vigorous, demonstrating inspiring communication skills and teaching expertise. Though we could not understand most of these languages, we enjoyed every bit of the presentation. I was, in particular, fascinated by their unique and original skills. I was later to think about it, and the old memory of studying different languages hit me. Other than my interest in languages, the play made me realize that education should be subjugated by advanced ideas, which should, in turn be supported by effectual teaching strategies. In my attempt to study other languages, I self-studied Japanese. Through this study, I was in a position to communicate with my grandparents. This is because they were educated by Japanese and became deeply influenced by the Japanese culture. Japanese was, therefore, the only language that they could communicate. I, therefore, in order to facilitate communication with them, had to learn some Japanese culture and langu age. Between my interest and passion, I was in a position to communicate in Japanese with much ease. It was this achievement that made me realize and appreciate the benefits of persistence. That was one of my achievements and I have grown to know that I can achieve anything as long as I have the interest. Later, I assisted my parents by translating Cantonese and English into Mandarin in their business. They were very grateful and, though I was young, felt very important. I have ever since, had a deep-seated interest in majoring in the Japanese Language. Due to my deep-seated interest in languages, I intend to major in Japanese. I am particularly attracted to the powerful vibrant intellectual, pedagogical resource, and the comprehensive curriculum in the university. Holding firmly to the Japanese culture, I decided to participate in extracurricular activities. As a result of this, I joined the Taiwanese student association and became a member of the Japanese culture club. I was chose n the vice-president of the Taiwanese student association a position which, though challenging, has equipped me with significant experience. I once organized a Halloween event with two other clubs, an event that really challenged my ability. There arose some conflicts between the clubs, and as the vice-president, my success stood in settling the conflicts and making the event a success. It was the success of this event that made most people develop note worthy

Business Strategic report of Peets Coffee and Tea Research Paper

Business Strategic report of Peets Coffee and Tea - Research Paper Example Peet’s coffee competes with smaller coffeehouses such as Tully’s and Caribou Coffee. For it to gain an upper hand, Peet’s coffee should differentiate its products from those of its competitors. It can achieve this by selling itself to the consumers as a memorable experience. Moreover, it should focus its coffee business to a single distribution channel, for instance, the grocery. As a result, this would enhance the company brand awareness in those areas. The current recession in the US economy could severely affect Peet business since sales revenue based on luxurious coffee brand depends entirely on consumer confidence.Peet coffee focuses on the production of high-quality coffee products. It is known for its introduction of dark roasted Arabica coffee in the US market. The company has one of the finest group of roasters who are considered to have great mastery in their craft after undergoing three of training. Peet runs its roasting activities in a recently opene d facility in California. The facility was developed in a design that conserved energy and had minimal environmental impact.The company has managed to attract and maintain a large group of loyal consumers who call themselves the â€Å"Peetnicks† although the term as evolved to include consumers that adore quality coffee and tea. Peet coffee has a wide variety of signature blends such as French Roast, Espresso Forte, Fair Trade Blend, and Arabian Mocha-Java. Its stores located in most parts of the country offer 2-hour free wireless internet for its customers.

Why Do Wars Happen Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Why Do Wars Happen - Essay Example Adopting the framework of Henry Nau, the basic insights offered to understand why wars and peace can happen are the realist, liberalist, and identity perspectives (Humphreys, 180). The class lectures of our course heavily used the book of Henry Nau and, thus, this discussion heavily used the lecture materials. The realist perspective holds that states must protect themselves and that the best protection will be found wherein states balance each other, meaning that no state is in a position to bully the other states because all states have the capability to subvert a bully either alone or with allies (Lecture 3, Slide 2). However, holding the other states in check so that no one would be in a position to bully or conquer another, require that states must arm themselves (Lecture 3, Slide 3). In addition, states will be unable to tap allies if they themselves are not armed (Lecture 3, Slide 3). For realists, transitional peace is possible if countries disarm. Yet, if a country disarms a nd others do not, the country that disarmed will not be in a position to defend herself. The country will be vulnerable to attacks and will be vulnerable to being conquered by the country that did not disarm. If on the other hand, all countries arm themselves to the teeth, a situation is created wherein a war scenario or an armed standoff can emerge (Lecture 3, Slide 6). This means there is a potential for war with an armed standoff (Lecture 3, Slide 6). There is a dilemma: if a country does not arm, she risks being bullied or conquered. If a country arms, she will risk a war or an armed standoff (Lecture 3, Slide 6). For a realist, countries will usually consider subjugation unacceptable. On the other hand, a country can consider peace to be too fragile and vulnerable to become a situation in which one country could re-arm to conquer the other. Thus, for realists, the â€Å"realistic† or appropriate situation to target is a situation of stand-off or parity of power (Lecture 3, Slide 6). On the same dilemma and situation confronted by realists, liberalists or liberalism holds that peace remains possible if institutions are created to make negotiations work better (Lecture 4, Slide 2). Liberalism argues that peace can be enforced if countries or states unite to punish states that fail to disarm (Lecture 4, Slide 2). Liberalists hold that another route towards peace is available if states who are disarming implement the disarmament by stages wherein participants to the disarmament observe each other (Lecture 4, Slide 3). Each country can implement the disarmament proportionate to the goodwill or initiative of each other (Lecture 4, Slide 3). A country can also reduce her arms in a manner calculated to inspire reciprocation from other countries to reduce their arms. In doing so, all countries in a disarmament program can reduce arms until the disarmament becomes full and complete (Lecture 4, Slide 4). A country can initiate goodwill reducing arms in the ex pectation that other countries will reciprocate the goodwill by implementing a proportionate disarmament. In the liberalist perspective or liberalism, institutions play an important role in the disarmament process because they can serve as third parties that can help countries involved in the disarmament (Lecture 4, Slide 4). The forerunner of the United Nations, for example, the League of Nations provided a mechanism whereby countries involved in international disputes are able to submit their dispute to the league for arbitration (Lecture 4, Slide 4). If the league finds or has come to believe or has deemed that a country is guilty of aggression, the league can enforce peace by imposing economic blockade or sanctions against the assumed aggressor (Lecture 4, Slide

Analysis and Application of Clinical Practice Research Paper

Analysis and Application of Clinical Practice - Research Paper Example The study aims to come up with recommendation that would inform family, practice, preventive medicine and sports medicine alike. A committee known as the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma (EAST) developed the guidelines in this study. This comprise of the authors who are degree holders in medicine and a master’s in public health. The fact that the authors are health personnel with experience and practice in the field of medicine and public health from different hospital and teaching hospitals does not present adequately all the health personnel that the guidelines were intended to reach. Other professional personals including nurses, physiotherapists, and occupational therapists should be included. The means of data collection in the study was electronically done thereby underscoring the involvement of the patients affected by the injuries covered by the study. The researchers did not obtain information from the primary end user of the study regarding thing like behaviors and attitudes that influence the use of helmets. The involvement of the vulnerable groups and patients is lacking in the research findings. With the composition of the committee of guideline development, there is a likelihood of conflict of interest in the way the guidelines are formulated. Since one of the main goal of the guidelines was to offer preventive measures against head and neck injury, the management of the guidelines does not assure the other professionals responsible for the implementation of these preventive measures of the impact in contributing to the research. The sources of information used by the authors are credible. The study heavily relied on medical literature that had been published from webliographies like PubMed, EMBASE databases and Cochrane Library. The terms of search are relevant to the study and included helmet, helmet use, equipment and head protective devices among others. The period of the literature used was expansive enough, between 1980 and

Critically examine the added value the HR dept has made to improved Essay

Critically examine the added value the HR dept has made to improved company performance - Essay Example Having segregated itself from the Sears group in, 1998, the Selfridges group started out with an investment of 100 million pounds. This was diverted towards the opening of its second store in Trafford Park. This mall houses 280 stores and enjoys a wide clientele from various parts of Europe and the rest of the world. (Hutchison et al, 2003) The human resource role and organisational turnaround have been discussed in this paper from the point of view of the premise of competitive advantage as follows: The world of commerce in this era is one where there is an amalgamation of a global market place as well as the theories of competitive advantage with the strong backing of innovation. (Green, 2002) Any marketer or producer in this modern market place needs to adhere to these practices and theories in order to gain any measure of success, whether small or big. In this regard, the role of the HR element in Selfridges plays on its overall brand equity and effective goal achievement program. (Park, 1994) Before delving any deeper into the paper, let us fist consider the elements of the modern world of commerce. The world has shrunk to accommodate the limitations of the geographical demarcations and expanded to transgress the same by reaching out to people from all corners of the world. (Tirole, 1990) This has triggered a phenomenon called the global village concept, which is basically depend on the information technology, communication and a unified mode of business and commerce. Thriving in this global scheme of things indicates an affiliation with keeping abreast of what is going on in every corner of the world and adapting oneself to make profits accordingly. (Hutchison et al, 2003) This is owing to the fact that a manufacturer can now see his name in the most unexpected of places and in order to get there, he needs to be able to keep with the latest and improvise on the same to create

Analysis and Application of Clinical Practice Research Paper

Analysis and Application of Clinical Practice - Research Paper Example The study aims to come up with recommendation that would inform family, practice, preventive medicine and sports medicine alike. A committee known as the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma (EAST) developed the guidelines in this study. This comprise of the authors who are degree holders in medicine and a master’s in public health. The fact that the authors are health personnel with experience and practice in the field of medicine and public health from different hospital and teaching hospitals does not present adequately all the health personnel that the guidelines were intended to reach. Other professional personals including nurses, physiotherapists, and occupational therapists should be included. The means of data collection in the study was electronically done thereby underscoring the involvement of the patients affected by the injuries covered by the study. The researchers did not obtain information from the primary end user of the study regarding thing like behaviors and attitudes that influence the use of helmets. The involvement of the vulnerable groups and patients is lacking in the research findings. With the composition of the committee of guideline development, there is a likelihood of conflict of interest in the way the guidelines are formulated. Since one of the main goal of the guidelines was to offer preventive measures against head and neck injury, the management of the guidelines does not assure the other professionals responsible for the implementation of these preventive measures of the impact in contributing to the research. The sources of information used by the authors are credible. The study heavily relied on medical literature that had been published from webliographies like PubMed, EMBASE databases and Cochrane Library. The terms of search are relevant to the study and included helmet, helmet use, equipment and head protective devices among others. The period of the literature used was expansive enough, between 1980 and

Theoretical Background Essay Example for Free

Theoretical Background Essay Purchasing is â€Å"Critical to supply chain efficiency because it is the job of the purchasing to select suppliers and then establish mutually beneficial relationships with them. Without good suppliers and without superior purchasing, supply chains cannot compete today’s† marketplace. Purchasing is also very involved in product design and development work. Many â€Å"manufacturers have found out that manufacturing costs can be reduced, product quality maximized, and new products brought to market at a much faster rate if purchasing brings the key suppliers into the product design and development at the earliest stage of process. † And purchasing is directly involved in the implementation of e-commerce systems. (Fitzgerald, 2000) Purchasing is responsible for obtaining the materials, parts, supplies, and services need to produce a product or provide a service. You can get some idea of the importance of purchasing when you consider that, in manufacturing, upwards of 60 percent of the cost of finished goods comes from purchased parts and materials. Furthermore, the percentages for purchased inventories are even higher for retail and wholesale companies, sometimes exceeding 90 percent. Nonetheless, the importance of purchasing is more than just the cost of goods purchased; other important factors include the quality of goods and services and the timing of deliveries of goods and services, both of which can have a significant impact on operations. The goal of purchasing is to develop and implement purchasing plans for products and services that support operation strategies. Among the duties of purchasing are identifying sources of supply, negotiating contracts, maintaining a database of suppliers, obtaining goods and services that meet or exceed operations requirements in a timely and cost-efficient manner, and managing suppliers. Thus, purchasing select suppliers, negotiates contracts, establishes alliances, and acts as liaison between suppliers and various internal departments. Purchasing is taking on increase importance as organizations place greater emphasis on supply chain management, quality improvement, clean production, and outsourcing. Moreover, business-to-business buying relationships are changing: although traditional relationships currently account for the lion’s share of buying relationships, they are expected to decrease substantially by the middle of  the decade, while Web-based auctions and manage inventory relationships are expected to grow. In addition, increasing globalization will continue to have an impact on purchasing. (McGraw-Hill, 2007) The purchasing function in business organizations is becoming increasingly important. Among the reasons are increased levels of outsourcing, increased used of the Internet, greater emphasis on supply chain management, globalization, and continuing efforts to reduce costs and increase quality. Among purchasing responsibilities are obtaining the materials, parts, supplies and services needed to produce a product or provide a service. Price, quality and reliability and speed of delivery are important variables. Purchasing selects suppliers, negotiates contracts, and establishes alliances, and act as liaison between supplier and various internal departments. It also is involved in value analysis, vendor analysis, make-or-buy analysis, supplier audits, and supplier certification. (Morgan, 1994) In many business organizations there is a move to reduce the number of suppliers and to establish and maintain longer-term relationships with suppliers. Supplier partnerships may involve cooperation that takes the form of sharing of planning and information, and perhaps cooperation in product and process design. (Morgan, 1994) An underlying consideration in purchasing, as in all areas of business, is maintaining ethical standards. The supplement provides a recommended set of ethical practices in purchasing. (Morgan, 1994) Although often associated with the public sector, purchasing groups are also an alternative considered more and more by managers of the private sector. A purchasing group increases volume consolidation, making it possible to have only one negotiation, in order to increase the purchasing group members power vis†Ãƒ  Ã¢â‚¬ vis that of its suppliers. However, a purchasing group also constitutes an additional link in the supply chain and its objectives could go contrary to those of some of its members. This is why organisations considering joining a purchasing group should analyse this option strategically, in order to assess correctly the potential long†term benefits. (Nollet Beaulieu, 2005)

Qualitative Research Methods in Organisations

Qualitative Research Methods in Organisations Provide a justification for qualitative research in organisations Qualitative research is a field of inquiry in its own right. It crosscuts disciplines, fields and subject matters. A complex, interconnected family of terms, concepts, and assumptions surround the term qualitative research. These include the traditions associated with foundationalism, positivism, postfoundationalism, postpositivism, poststructuralism, and the many qualitative research perspectives, and/or methods connected to cultural and interpretive studies. (Denzin and Lincoln, 2000:2) qualitative researchers can access fascinating data by observing mundane settings or by finding everyday features in extraordinary settings. (Silverman, 2007:37) This essay provides a justification for the use of qualitative research methods in organisations. In the past, qualitative research methods have always been sidelined and quantitative research methods have been preferred for undertaking organisational research. One of the reasons for this is that qualitative research is always influenced by the researchers personal disposition. According to Creswell, Qualitative Research is a form of interpretive inquiry in which researchers make an interpretation of what they see, hear, and understand. Their interpretations cannot be separated from their own backgrounds, history, contexts, and prior understandings. (Creswell, 2009:176) Another reason for this is given by Silverman when he says that Policy makers and managers have been pushed away from ethnographic research because it takes a relatively long time to complete and appears to use unrepresentative samples. Even though some ethnographers are able to produce powerful arguments about what c an be read from a single, well researched, case, others muddy the waters by political posturing and by suggesting that they want no truck with conventional scientific standards. (Silverman, 2007:86) The pull of quantitative research for organisations is that it tends to define its research problems in a way that makes immediate sense to practitioners and administrators. (Silverman, 2007:86) More recently many organisations have started recognising the merits of using qualitative research methods to undertake research in the organisation. Qualitative research methods enable a thorough scrutiny of the researched topic which is not possible in quantitative research. Even within qualitative research, the researcher is provided with a vast range of options and opportunities for exploring diverse issues within the area of organisational research. What are the different methods used to adopt qualitative research? The most commonly known and most used method of qualitative research is ethnography which had its origins in social anthropology, with particular reference to the study of the culture of social groups and societies. The culture of a social group is made up of these complex networks of meaning and the key task of ethnography is to develop an interpretation and understanding of culture. (Thorpe and Holt, 2008) Ethnography can be described as a longitudinal research method that is often associated with participant observation, but can also draw on other research approaches such as contextual and historic analysis of secondary data published by or on the group being studied. The ethnographic approach to developing an in-depth understanding of peoples behaviour makes it well suited to studying organisations. (Marshan-Piekkari and Welch, 2004) But It bends reality considerably to imply that ethnography is today the main method of qualitative research and that observational material is the main data source. This is hardly surprising given the plethora of materials that invite our attention. These extend beyond what we can observe with our own eyes to what we can hear and see on recordings, what we can read in paper documents and electronically download on the internet, to what we can derive by asking questions in interviews or by providing various stimuli to focus groups. (Silverman, 2007:37) Grounded theory research, discourse analysis, deconstruction, content analysis, narrative method, action research (Humphreys, 2006), participatory enquiry, participant observation (Denzin and Lincoln, 2000), autoethnography, interviewing are just a few of the current approaches to qualitative data collection and analysis. All these methods are appropriately used in different forms of organisational research. I will be looking at autoethnography, grounded theory research, critical discourse analysis and the narrative approach towards qualitative research and will study the use of these methods in conducting organisational research. Autoethnography Ethnographers have started undertaking the observation of participation where they reflect on and critically engage with their own participation within the ethnographic frame thus giving birth to autoethnography. (Denzin and Lincoln, 2005:467) Karra and Philips have defined autoethnography as, the generation of theoretically relevant descriptions of a group to which one belongs based on a structured analysis of ones experiences and the experiences of others from ones groupIt is an attempt to produce sense from ones experience of a group that can be set down in a text and shared with interested others. It does not mean that the researcher studies only himself or herself, but that the researcher is an insider who can draw upon personal experience, cultural competence, and linguistic resources to frame and shape research in a way that an outsider cannot. (Karra and Phillips, 2008:547) Autoethnography has been very efficiently used by Karra and Phillips, in their article about internatio nal management researchers conducting studies in their own cultural context. They say that, autoethnography provides a methodological frame for understanding and managing their research. Even more importantly, it acts to sensitize the researcher to the importance of carefully managing the complex dynamics of this form of cross-cultural research including questions of authorial voice, role conflict, and power. (Karra and Phillips, 2008:543) Autoethnographic approaches have four important strengths- ease of access, reduced resource requirements, ease of establishing trust and rapport, and reduced problems with translation- but at the same time pose three important challenges- lack of critical distance, role conflict, and the limits of serendipity. (Karra and Phillips, 2008:541) The strengths of this mode of research are considerable and despite all the criticisms this method of qualitative research has acquired it can be used very successfully in organisational research where the need is to draw upon personal experiences. One of the uses of autoethnography is to allow another persons world of experience to inspire critical reflection on your own. (Ellis and Bochner, 1996:22) Experience is given a lot of importance in organisations and autoethnography enables the researcher and the organisation to use this experience in a positive manner and in a way which can be very beneficial to the organisation and its employees. Grounded Theory Grounded theory, developed by Glaser and Strauss, is a kind of theory generated from the data collected. The methodology refers to a style of conducting qualitative data analysis whose aim is to discover what kinds of concepts and hypotheses are relevant to the area one wishes to understand. Grounded theory, therefore, provides new insights into the understanding of social processes emerging from the context in which they occur, without forcing and adjusting the data to previous theoretical frameworks. (Cassell and Symon, 2004:242) Grounded theory is a method that is more appropriate for some questions than others. It is most suited to efforts to understand the process by which actors construct meaning out of intersubjective experience. Grounded theory should be used in a way that is logically consistent with key assumptions about social reality and how the reality is known. It is less appropriate to use grounded theory when you seek to make knowledge claims about an objective realit y, and more appropriate to do so when you want to make knowledge claims about how individuals interpret reality. (Suddaby, 2006:634) While the grounded theory approach appeared at a time when methods discourse was decidedly modernist, forty years of development reflect he paradigmatic plurality of current qualitative research. (Thorpe and Holt, 2008) The application of grounded theory in organisational research has been gaining popularity in recent times. This is because organisational psychology has been marked by a trend of moving from an individualistic point of view towards a more collective view. Grounded theory has been applied in studies focusing on organisational culture, organisational growth, change and innovation, team work and company survival to name a few. Grounded theory produces descriptions of organisational reality which elicit positive discussions around important themes in the organisation among the employees and, thus, form a basis for positive organisational development trends. (Cassell and Symon, 2004) Critical Discourse Analysis According to Cunliffe, Discourse analysis is a term covering a number of approaches to research that analyze language use. These approaches range from a focus on language itself, to a broader examination of the relationship between language use, social action and social theory. (Thorpe and Holt, 2008:81) Discourse analysis provides a theoretical and methodological framework for exploring the social production of organizational and interorganizational phenomena. (Phillips, Sewell and Jaynes, 2008:1) As a methodology, critical discourse analysis allows for the use of different kinds of methods in specific research projects. However, this kind of research in particular demands the ability to make sense of the linkages between specific textual characteristics and particular discourses on the one hand, and between the discourses and the relevant socio-cultural practices and historical developments on the other. This means that research of this type generally tends to favour in-depth scrut iny of and reflection on specific texts. (Marschan-Piekkari and Welch, 2004) Discourse analysis has become an increasingly popular method for examining the linguistic elements in the construction of social phenomena. It has been increasingly adopted by organization and management scholars interested in the social construction of specific organizational ideas or practices. (Varra, Kleymann and Seristo, 2004:3) There are three important problems facing researchers wishing to adopt a critical discourse perspective in their work. First, like ethnography, discourse analysis results in quite lengthy analyses that are often a poor fit with the requirements of journal editors. Second, discourse analysis often involves major data-management issues because of the volume of data that is often available. Finally, as this is a fairly new are of activity, there are few standard models available to follow. Developing innovative data analysis techniques for each study thus remains a final challenge facing researchers. (Phillips, Sewell and Jaynes, 2008) Narrative Approach According to Oswick, Narratives are an inevitable and unavoidable aspect of social life and, as such, are integral to the processes of managing and organizing. (Thorpe and Holt, 2008:141) Although the narrative approach is one with many merits which are being acknowledged by researchers, it is still a field in the making and is not very commonly used. Researchers new to this field will find a rich but diffuse tradition, multiple methodologies in various stages of development, and plenty of opportunities for exploring new ideas, methods and questions. (Denzin and Lincoln, 2005:651) A recognition that discourse is the principle means by which organization members create a coherent social reality that frames their sense of who they are has led to an increased interest in narrative approaches in organization studies. A narrative approach explicitly recognizes that, in organizations, language is the primary medium of social control and power, and that the analysis of linguistic practices is key to an understanding of how existing social and power relations are reproduced or transformed. (Humphreys and Brown, 2007) In the article, An Analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility at Credit Line: A Narrative Approach by Humphreys and Brown (2008), the authors adopted a narrative approach to the analysis of organizational processes in a bank, Credit Line, in order to explore how individuals in a financial institution dealt with relatively novel issues of corporate social responsibility. The authors used narratives to successfully draw attention to the plurivocity of orga nisational life. Use of qualitative research methods to undertake organisational research in a public sector organisation Public sector organisations are those organisations which are managed by the government. The main aim of these organisations is not to make a profit but to provide a service to the people under the government. Some example of public sector organisations are airports, public hospitals, railway stations, government run schools and colleges. Governments nowadays are looking to privatize most of the public sector organisations in order to increase their efficiency and effectiveness. Thus most of the above given examples have now been partially or completely privatised in most countries. Public sector organisations are common grounds for research amongst qualitative researchers. This could be due to the fact that public sector organisations are more easily accessible than the private sector organisations. Many public sector organisations have also started coming up with their own research and development department which undertakes the organisational research. In my opinion participant observation and interviewing together make an ideal combination to undertake organisational research within a public sector organisation or for that matter any organisation. The shortcomings of participant observations are covered by interviewing and vice versa. Thus, the two methods complement each other perfectly. Participant Observation The methodology of participant observation is appropriate for studies of almost every aspect of human existence. Through participant observation, it is possible to describe what goes on, who or what is involved, when and where things happen, how they occur, and why at least from the standpoint of participants things happen as they do in particular situations. (Jorgensen, 1989) Participant observation is one of the most popular ways of conducting fieldwork in an organisation. This is because through observation of the participants going through their daily routine researchers pick up information which they might not have access to in a more formal setting, an example of which is interviews. Participant observation can be of two types. In the first, the identity of the researcher is known to all and the researcher has a choice of forming relationships with the participants or to stand back and eavesdrop. This form of participant observation is ethically correct but the researchers pe rsonal disposition and identity may influence the participants behaviour and this may have an effect on the research material gathered. The second type of participant observation is covert participant observation where the identity of the researcher is hidden. This form of participant observation raises many ethical questions and is just another form of deception. Thus, covert participant observation should be avoided. The researchers ability to build relationships and develop rapport with subjects is crucial in participant observation. The danger here is that the researcher may feel so embedded and sympathetic to the group being studied that interpreting events objectively becomes difficult. Another demerit of participant observation is the time-consuming and open-ended nature of this kind of research which means it often doesnt get done. In a cost-conscious research climate in which specific and often short-term, definitive objectives are required to secure funding, sustained part icipation is a risky strategy. (Thorpe and Holt, 2008) Interviews The qualitative interview can be seen as a conversation with a purpose, where the interviewers aim is to obtain knowledge about the respondents world. (Thorpe and Holt, 2008:118) The goal of any qualitative research interview is to see the research topic from the perspective of the interviewee and to understand how and why they came to have this particular perspective. (Cassell and Symon, 2004) Interviewing is the most popular method of conducting organisational research. The method has three important advantages. Firstly, interviewers allow the researcher to discover new relationships or situations not previously conceived. Secondly, interview based research may be optimal when there is a small population of possible respondents as interviewers offer an opportunity to acquire a richness of information from each respondent. Finally, interviews may allow researchers to develop a deeper rapport with informants which is necessary to gain honest and accurate responses and to add insights that lay the groundwork for larger or follow-up studies. (Marschan-Piekkari and Welch, 2004) But the interviewing method also suffers from three disadvantages. Firstly, developing an interview guide, carrying out interviews and analysing their transcripts, are all highly time-consuming activities for the researchers. Secondly, qualitative interviews are also tiring to carry out as they involve considerable concentration from the interviewer. Thus, no more than three interviews, each of the duration of one hour, should be carried out in a day. Finally, interviews are also time-consuming for the interviewees and this may cause problems in recruiting participants in some organizations and occupations. The latest trends in interviewing have come some distance from structured questions; we have reached the point of the interview as negotiated text. Researchers are not invisible neutral entities; they are a part of the interaction we seek to study. Interviewers are increasingly seen as active participants in an interaction with respondents, and interviewers are seen as negotiated accomplishments of both interviewers and respondents that are shaped by the contexts and situations in which they take place. (Denzin and Lincoln, 2005) Depending on the type of organisational research which the public sector organisation needs to carry out and its goals and aims, either participant observation or interviewing or a combination of both the methods can be used appropriately in acquiring the required research material. Conclusion Thus, I conclude by saying that qualitative research methods have formed a niche for themselves in organisational research. The importance of organisational research is growing day by day and qualitative research methods are now an important part of organisational research. Although many forms of qualitative research make the use of figures and numbers to support a point of discussion, thus incorporating a characteristic of quantitative research methods, they also provide an in depth analysis on the topic of research and use one or more of the methodologies of qualitative research which include participant observation, interviewing, autoethnography, use of secondary data, grounded theory, ethnography, discourse analysis, narratives and rhetorical analysis. In this essay I introduced qualitative research and outlined its increasing importance in organisational research. I followed this up by describing approaches to qualitative research specifically concentrating on autoethnography, grounded theory, critical discourse analysis and the narrative approach, and critically analysing their use in organisational research. Finally, I concentrated on public sector organisations and why I think that participant observation and interviews are the best methods of qualitative research to undertake organisational research in public sector organisations. In doing this I feel that I have justified the use of qualitative research in organisations. References Cassell, C. Symon, G. (2004) Essential Guide to Qualitative Methods in Organizational Research. London: Sage Creswell, J.W. (2009) Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches (Third Edition) Thousand Oaks: Sage Denzin, N.K. Lincoln, Y.S. (2000) Handbook of Qualitative Research (Second Edition). Thousand Oaks: Sage Denzin, N.K. Lincoln, Y.S. (2005) The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research (Third Edition). Thousand Oaks: Sage Ellis, C. and Bochner, A.P. (1996) Composing Ethnography: Alternative Forms of Qualitative Writing. Walnut Creek: Altamira Humphreys, M. (2006) Teaching qualitative research methods: Im beginning to see the light. Qualitative Research in Organisations and Management: An International Journal Vol. 1(3) 173-188 Humphreys, M. and Brown A.D. (2008) An Analysis of Corporate Social Responsibility at Credit Line: A Narrative Approach. Journal of Business Ethics Vol. 80 403-418 Jorgensen, D.L. (1989) Participant Observation: A Methodology for Human Studies London: Sage Karra, N. Phillips, N. (2008) Researching Back Home: International Management Research as Autoethnography. Organizational Research Methods Vol. 11(3) 541-561 Marschan-Piekkari, R. and Welch, C. (2004) Handbook of Qualitative Research Methods for International Business. Cheltenham:Edward Elgar Phillips, N., Sewell, G., and Jaynes S., (2008) Applying Critical Discourse Analysis in Strategic Management Research. Organizational Research Methods 1-30 Silverman, D (2007) A Very Short, Fairly Interesting and Reasonably Cheap Book about Qualitative Research. London: Sage Suddaby, R (2006) From the Editors: What Grounded Theory is Not. Academy of Management Journal Vol. 49(4) 633-642 Thorpe, R. Holt, R. (2008) The Sage Dictionary of Qualitative Management Research. London: Sage Varaa, E., Kleymann, B., Seristo, H. (2004) Strategies as discursive constructions: The case of the airline alliances. Journal of Management Studies Vol. 41(1) 1-35

industrial revolution :: essays research papers

The Industrial revolution was a time of drastic change and transformation from hand tools, and hand made items to machine manufactured and mass produced goods. This change helped life, but also hindered it as well. Pollution, such as CO2 levels in the atmosphere, rose, working conditions declined, and the number of women and children working increased. The government, the arts, literature, music and architecture and man's way of looking at life all changed during the period. Two revolutions took place, both resulting in productive but also dire consequences. Before the first industrial revolution, England's economy was based on its cottage industry. Workers would buy raw materials from merchants, take it back to their cottages, hence the name, and produce the goods at their home. It was usually was owned and managed by one or more people, who were generally close to the workers. There was a good worker/boss relationship, which was demolished and destroyed by capitalism. This industry was efficient but the workers productivity was low, making costs higher. The longer it took one person to manufacture a product, the higher the price. Subsequently, goods were high in price and exclusive only to the wealthy people. The year was 1733, the demand for cotton cloth was high, but production was low. This crisis had to be solved or England's economy would be hindered. The answer came from a British weaver, John Kay, who invented and fashioned the flying shuttle, which cut weaving time in half. John Kay was a pioneer and his invention paved the way for numerous inventors. Although at first, many workers didn't accept machines, in fact, many inventions were destroyed, but what was inevitable, couldn't be stopped. The machines had made their way to England, and nothing could stop them. By the 1750's, the industrial Revolution had begun. At first, inventions were strictly limited to cotton weaving. Inventions such as the spinning jenny and the water-powered frame, both of which provided spinning yarn faster, the spinning mule, the power loom and the cotton gin, all helped the manufacture of cotton goods by speeding up the process. Mass production had begun, along with capitalism. Capitalist, people who have their own materials, money and space, bought many machines and stored them in a factory, where hired people worked the whole day manufacturing goods. The factory system had replaced the cottage industry. Mass production made usually expensive items, such as shoes, less expensive and easily affordable by lower class and less wealthy people.

Human Resource Management Essay -- Organizational Development, Trainin

Organisations around the world have for years invested a great deal of their resources on employee training and development. Training and developing employees means impacting them with relevant knowledge and skills so as to use the same to propel organisational performance. This is done in order to make their work more efficient and be able to adapt to upcoming trends or be able to multitask. Training is mostly for a specific job or task and it is short term while development is long term and it encompasses general operations. Training on the other hand is technical unlike development which is more theoretical. Many profit making organisations have their end goal being increased productivity translating to increased profitability. Bearing this in mind and the immense benefits that accrue organisations, many are still reluctant to invest in this endeavour (Gratton 2007). This paper will look into benefits of training and developments to firms and employees and delve to explain why som e organisations and individuals are reluctant to invest in training. Benefits of training and development of employees As mentioned earlier training and development of employees has numerous benefits to both a firm and its employees. One of the key benefits is that it results in higher productivity thereby increased profitability. Employees’ morale is improved which makes them identify more with the profit path and the specific goals of a business. Due to improved performance the firm creates a positive image in the process (Boxall & Purcell 2007). This in turn offers it a competitive edge over its rivals thereby being able to acquire a sustainable market leadership position. In the course of training employees, better relationships are created betw... ... that it requires huge capital outlay and stakeholders are quite sceptical of such expenditures but in the long run it goes a long way in assisting an organisation to succeed in the increasingly competitive business arena. Firms looking into extensive growth and market presence that is sustainable cannot achieve this unless their workforce is ready for the challenge. This readiness on the other hand is facilitated by organisations enrolling their employees for training. Employees after training become more productive and organisations benefit a great deal as argued in the paper. The onus is therefore left for the management to embrace the right policies for their firms. Training and development is one that will see an organisation sustain its production and service delivery initiatives through increased productivity, quality assurance and increased profitability. Human Resource Management Essay -- Organizational Development, Trainin Organisations around the world have for years invested a great deal of their resources on employee training and development. Training and developing employees means impacting them with relevant knowledge and skills so as to use the same to propel organisational performance. This is done in order to make their work more efficient and be able to adapt to upcoming trends or be able to multitask. Training is mostly for a specific job or task and it is short term while development is long term and it encompasses general operations. Training on the other hand is technical unlike development which is more theoretical. Many profit making organisations have their end goal being increased productivity translating to increased profitability. Bearing this in mind and the immense benefits that accrue organisations, many are still reluctant to invest in this endeavour (Gratton 2007). This paper will look into benefits of training and developments to firms and employees and delve to explain why som e organisations and individuals are reluctant to invest in training. Benefits of training and development of employees As mentioned earlier training and development of employees has numerous benefits to both a firm and its employees. One of the key benefits is that it results in higher productivity thereby increased profitability. Employees’ morale is improved which makes them identify more with the profit path and the specific goals of a business. Due to improved performance the firm creates a positive image in the process (Boxall & Purcell 2007). This in turn offers it a competitive edge over its rivals thereby being able to acquire a sustainable market leadership position. In the course of training employees, better relationships are created betw... ... that it requires huge capital outlay and stakeholders are quite sceptical of such expenditures but in the long run it goes a long way in assisting an organisation to succeed in the increasingly competitive business arena. Firms looking into extensive growth and market presence that is sustainable cannot achieve this unless their workforce is ready for the challenge. This readiness on the other hand is facilitated by organisations enrolling their employees for training. Employees after training become more productive and organisations benefit a great deal as argued in the paper. The onus is therefore left for the management to embrace the right policies for their firms. Training and development is one that will see an organisation sustain its production and service delivery initiatives through increased productivity, quality assurance and increased profitability.

Canadian Identity Essay Essay

Canada is known worldwide for our people’s resilience to nature, our acceptance of many different cultures, our universal healthcare, and our contributions to world peace. I believe for these reasons Canada is one of the greatest nations on Earth. Firstly, Canadian citizens are among the hardiest people on earth when it comes to resisting Mother Nature. Canada is battered each year with ice storms, hurricanes’ and windstorms, yet we Canadians grit our teeth and fight through it. This treacherous weather helps bring Canada together, and unite us when things are at their worst. For example, during the 2013-2014 ice storms many parts of Ontario where left without power for days, yet out of this horrible tragedy, Canadians banded together and helped each other out, lending each other generators and supplies to help get through this hard time together as a nation. Canada is also ranked as the second coldest country on earth, with an average annual temperature of -3.6 degrees (Anand) with an annual temperature below freezing Canada is well suited for winter sports like skiing and snowmobiling. The most Northerly settlement on earth is Alert, Nunavut, Alert is a Canadian Military and research base on the Northern Tip of Ellesmere Island, the lowest recorded temperature in Alert was -64 degrees Celsius, that’s the same temperature as the surface of Mars!(CFS Alert). It’s this extreme weather that allows us Canadians to grow tough, unite together against winter, and succeed at sports like skiing and hockey. Secondly, Canada is one of the best countries in the world to immigrate to. Canada is very multicultural and accepts cultures from all over the world. Whether you are immigrating from Ethiopia or Korea you will most likely find a small part of your culture somewhere in Canada. Canada has been inhabited by immigrants ever since 1604 when French explorers settled in the Maritimes (Facts in Canada’s Immigration History). Also 23% of Canadian citizens are born outside of our Country, the highest amount out of all the G8 countries (Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity in Canada). Canada is unique because in over 100 different places minority groups are actually the  majority. For example, Brampton Ontario has a population of 523,000 (Demographic Overview) and out of that number there are only 33,000 Irish citizens while there is 159,000 citizens from East India (Demographic Overview). Yet with all these different cultures in Canada, we all still feel united under the Canadian Flag and proud when we sing our National Anthem. Thirdly, Canada has a world renowned healthcare system, unlike countries like the US where you have to pay to go to the hospital; Canada covers the cost of most medical bills for you. The idea for Medicare in Canada first came in 1947 when the Saskatchewan Government released their first hospital insurance plan (The History of Medicare), initially most Doctors and other medical professionals despised this â€Å"Medicare System† because they worried they were going to make less money than if the medical system was privatized , slowly but surely the idea of universal healthcare grew and in the 1960’s Pearson’s minority government created National Medical Care system; were the government pays 50% of medical costs (The History of Medicare). Today, Canada’s healthcare system is an interesting mix of both public finding and the private sector. Canada is ranked 30th in the world for its healthcare system, while the United States is ranked 72nd. As a Canadian citi zen I feel safe knowing that if I ever get ill, I am covered without having to spend any money. Finally, Canada has been fighting for world peace ever since it joined the UN during its creation in 1945. It was actually Lester B. Pearson who suggested the idea of a UN lead peacekeeping force in 1956 (The Canadian Contribution to United Nations Peacekeeping). Canada’s first peacekeeping mission was done in 1949, in India and Pakistan. The mission was codenamed UNMOGIP, Canada’s job was to negotiate a ceasefire between Pakistan and India, in 1950, almost a year after the war started the UN negotiated a ceasefire with the help of Canadian Soldiers (Canada History). Canada has lost the 2nd most amounts of soldiers out of any UN country, and has lost the most soldiers per capita as well. Canadian peace keeping missions help shape the Canadian Identity because it shows the world that we care for other countries, and that even though our population is small we still  sacrifice a lot in the name of Peace. In Conclusion, I feel that Canada is an incredible nation, and I feel our contributions to world peace, our people’s resilience to the weather, our free healthcare system, and our multiculturalism are some of the main things that have helped make Canadians respected in the international community today.

A Review of the Work and Play poem By Ted Hughes

This poem is about a comparison between a swallow and human beings that are on a day trip. The swallow, is at work in the poem and is feeling content. The humans, however, are supposed to be relaxing and having fun, but they feel miserable instead. With this, there is irony here with the title, as the swallow is working but having fun. The writer, I feel, is being biased in his poem. He tends to be in favour of the swallow. The poem is describing the people as ‘polluting' the environment. The message of the poem is that we shouldn't destroy our environment and our health by ‘baking' ourselves under the sun. The poem talks about the tourists arriving and then leaving unhappily. The writer is also describing the swallow's day, what it does to entertain itself and returning to its home at night. The poem is split into four, unequal stanzas. The first three stanzas, start off with a description of the swallow and then humans. The last stanza, however, starts off with a description of the humans and then the swallow. This makes us stop, think and more eager to finish the poem, as it's a change of pattern. The writer, perhaps wants to leave the reader with a positive and happy image rather than a negative and discomforting image. In the first three stanzas, the end of the two longest lines rhyme, forming a sort of rhyming couplet, e. g. â€Å"†¦ dust† and â€Å"†¦ bust† in the first stanza. In the first stanza, the writer, uses alliteration in the first phrase, â€Å"The swallow of summer, she toils all the summer† the use of ‘s' words. This gives the line a sort of rhythm to it. The metaphor, â€Å"A blue-dark knot of glittering voltage,† gives us this impression of a bright, powerful and energetic image of the swallow. The word, ‘glittering' also gives us an image of the swallow's shiny feathers. A whiplash swimmer†¦ † gives us a sense of the swallow's speed, rapid. Then the poet writes, â€Å"But†¦ † which is used at the beginning of each of the human's description in the first three stanzas, a form of repetition. The poem gives us a happy, positive image, when describing the swallow, at the start of the first three stanzas. Then, he uses ‘But' when starting to describe the humans, which start to give us a miserable and gloomy feel towards the humans. The writer, uses the metaphor ‘Serpent' to describe the long line of cars trying to get through traffic. This is a good metaphor to use because, if you are looking from a birds-eye view, the roof of the cars, looks like the scales of a snake. There is also, how the cars move along the swerving roads, like how a snake moves. â€Å"†¦ that crawls through the dust† this metaphor, gives us an image of the slow moving cars. A serpent, is a venomous creature, a sign of evil, the devil, which is a sign, that the writer is being biased in his poem. The phrases â€Å"shimmering exhaust† and â€Å"its fever in ocean† are telling us that they've already polluted the water before they, the humans, have even arrived there. In the second stanza, the writer uses a metaphor, â€Å"†¦ the barbed harpoon† in the first line, to describe the swallow. This gives us an impression of the swallow's impact and body shape, as she dives in. The writer uses alliteration in the second line, â€Å"†¦ flings from the furnace† and the word ‘flings' creates a sense of movement, it makes the reader read with expression. The metaphor, â€Å"†¦ a rainbow of purples† creates an attractive image for the reader. In the third line, he uses alliteration again, â€Å"†¦ he pond and is perfect† and this is creating a positive image. In the description of the humans, he uses repetition, â€Å"But the serpent of cars†¦ † to make you remember it, so it stays in your head that negative feeling. Another metaphor used is, â€Å"Disgorges its organs† which is referring to the people, making their way out of the cars, like a snake, shedding its skin, this is giving us another unpleasant image. The two similes used, â€Å"Which roll like tomatoes† and â€Å"Nude as tomatoes† gives us a negative image of these large, lazy, sunburnt people, lying on the beach. With sand in their creases† gives us an uncomfortable feeling. The word ‘cringe' in the last line gives this embarrassed feeling, a negative feeling. The writer, is clearly using a lot of negative images to bring out his message. The onomatopoeic word ‘screech' is used to give us an image of the negative sounds on the beach, the people's discomfort. In the third stanza, the writer uses a lot of alliteration in the first two lines. The use of the ‘s' words, ‘swallow', ‘summer' is a bit onomatopoeic, producing a sense of the bird's movement. He uses the word ‘seamstress' to describe the swallow, meaning a dressmaker. This metaphor is used to show how she sews something using the sky and water as her material, which makes it now an extended metaphor. In the third line, it is describing its movement, the twists and swerves. The word ‘draws' provide a long sound and the word ‘knots' provide an abrupt, short sound, perhaps showing the swallow's movement, gliding and then halting abruptly. The writer then uses ‘But' again and brings back the negative image. The humans are described as † †¦ aid out like wounded† the metaphor is showing their pain in sunburn, laid out in rows, endangering themselves, like a line of wounded soldiers. The metaphors, â€Å"Flat as in ovens† and â€Å"Roasting and basting† gives us the impression they are being cooked. They're being compared to cooking meat. The word ‘basting' is describing the humans putting on sun cream and there's a bi t of irony between the way we cook meat. The word ‘torment' shows us their agony and the word ‘blue' gives us an impression of the heat, as hot as a blue flame and the sun's harmful rays. The lack of language in the description of the humans makes the reader read with one breath, leaving them in discomfort, to perhaps experience how the humans are actually feeling. The line â€Å"Their heads are transistors† is describing their heads as being heat damaged and they're like robots, moving a limited amount. â€Å"Their teeth grit on sand grains† is sort of a repetition of the line â€Å"with sand in their creases† in the second stanza, to remind us of the humans agony. The hyperbole and metaphor, â€Å"Man eating flies† shows us their annoyance and pain with the insects. Their ‘electric shock needles' make conditions worse, more pain, the physical horror of it all and it gives us a diseased image, another negative image. In the last stanza, there is use of alliteration, â€Å"They can climb in their cars†¦ † The word ‘climb' is used to describe how the humans get into their cars, showing their tiredness. The repetition with, â€Å"†¦ raw bodies, raw faces† provides us with an image of these sunburnt people, the colour of raw meat, blood red and the repetition ‘hammers' this image into our heads. The line, â€Å"And headache it homeward† gives us an impression of these tired and hot people returning home. The metaphor and hyperbole â€Å"a car full of squabbles† and the line, â€Å"And sobbing and stickiness† shows us this negative image of how the children in the car, are moaning and throwing tantrums. Then, the writer is using repetition again, â€Å"With sand in their crannies† a similar description is used in the previous two stanzas. It shows us that even though they are going home, they still feel uncomfortable. The line â€Å"Inhaling petroleum† brings us back to the message of the poem, with the humans polluting the planet. The writer describes it as pouring out from the ‘foxgloves'. Foxgloves are poisonous flowers. The writer here is perhaps comparing the exhaust to these flowers. The flowers produce a poison, venom, which a serpent produces also, one damages your health and the other damages the environment, they are both dangerous. The poem then moves on to describing how the swallow returns home. Alliteration is used again, â€Å"The swallow of summer, cartwheeling through the crimson,† to give the line a rhythm. The word ‘cartwheeling' gives us this image of the bird flying home with happiness, through ‘crimson', this is describing the wonderful sunset, the orange, yellow and red background. Touches the honey-slow river and turning† the word ‘honey' gives us a sweet image. The river is a honey colour, due to the sun's crimson rays reflecting onto the water. The writer wants to leave us with a pleasant image at the end of the poem. The swallow is described as ‘hand stretched' when returning to its home. The words are showing us that the swallow is welcome d back, it is also perhaps referring to God's hands reaching out to this wonderful creature he has created. The humans, however, â€Å"†¦ headache it homeward† Nobody welcomed them home, their journey home, was destroying the environment. The last line of the poem, † A boomerang of rejoicing shadow. † leaves the reader in content but also thinking about the whole message of the poem. The metaphor used, ‘boomerang' is a good metaphor to use because a boomerang always returns when it's thrown. The writer has used three different, but similar and powerful metaphors to describe the swallow. The three metaphors he has used, has provided us with a powerful image of the swallow. The swallow is rejoicing because, everyone has left, her day is over and now she can relax with happiness. I think, this poem has really made me think, that a day out can really cause so much danger to us and to our planet. The irony of the poem, makes you think that a swallow who works hard can still be so happy with its life and there's us, who laze about and is feeling unhappy, so why do we do it? The writer has used a lot of good descriptive metaphors and similes in his poem. I liked the metaphors he used when describing the humans on the beach, â€Å"Are laid out like wounded†, â€Å"Flat as in ovens† and â€Å"Roasting and Basting†. It really emphasises the whole idea of the humans endangering their lives for some pleasure but they still feel unhappy at the same time. Ted Hughes has really shown his point of view about the situation. He has done this by showing such negative images when describing the humans, making out that the humans have been put on this planet just to destroy it and the animals are living how God would like the humans to live. The way, how the poem is structured to how the writer wants the reader to feel, is a good effect. This brings some realism to the poem and it involves the reader more.